1. The Effects of Environment—Temperature. Many applications specify tolerances in microns. It may be appreciated that 25 mm of steel will lengthen about 0'3 microns when its temperature is increased by 1°C. Obviously for precision measurements in terms of microns, ...

More and more precision measuring instruments employ optical principle and as such brief study of optical principles is essential. The purpose of the optical system is to enable an image of the object being examined to be formed, generally to permit ...

The measurement of geometrical values in modern engineer­ing has become a factor of vital importance in the process of production due to higher and higher requirements for the accuracy of machined surfaces. Any machine is assembly of parts arranged in ...

In any measurement, there is always a degree of uncertainty resulting from measurement error. Measurement error is the diffe­rence between the indicated and actual values of the measurand. The error could be expressed either as an absolute error or on ...

It is the system established in 1960 by the (CGPM) General Conference of Weights and Measures and abbreviated as SI (System International" d' unites) in all languages. InIndia, we switched over to metric system of Weights and Measures conforming to ...

For overall higher economy, efficiency and productivity in a factory and country, it is essential that, diversity be minimised and interchangeability among parts encouraged. All this is possible with standardisation. Standardisation is done at various levels, viz International, National, Association, ...

The requirements of an ideal inspection tool are : It should be (a)   accurate (b)   require a minimum of operator skill (c)   inspect a specific type of error. (d)   fast to use (e)    self checking The degree of accuracy of calibration depends on the accuracy of ...