Chemical coolants are mixture of a number of chemical com­ponents dissolved in water. All of them are used as coolants, but some of them very well exhibit lubricating properties also. Basically they are water modifiers and are recommended particularly for ...

Solid lubricants are employed in a finely divided state and are kept in suspension in the liquid vehicle by means of a dispersing agent. Stick waxes and bar soaps are sometimes used as a conve­nient means of applying lubricants to ...

These are classified into two classes : (a) Water Solutions. Water is an excellent cooling medium having the maximum specific beat, but has little lubricating proper­ties and causes rust and corrosion. Another disadvantage of using Water is that it processes high ...

In a modern workshop practice or any industry using power, an enormous amount of power is lost either by the generation of heat or by friction between tool surface and workpiece. It has been seen that the amount of power ...

It has been seen that lathe dynamometers are moment (Force X Distance measuring devices and as such in these cases force must always be applied at the same point. However in some cutting processes, it is necessary to measure the ...

Due to so many inherent advantages in electric devices, electric transducers are often used in dynamometers to measure displacement which is proportional to the cutting force. The various electric displacement measuring devices commonly used are (i) Electronic transducer tube (triode ...

In hydraulic pressure cells, the force experienced by the too1 is applied through a diaphragm to an enclosed volume of the oil, which gets pressurised on application of force.   The pressure can  be measured easily by the conventional pressure gauge ...